In spite of the fact that majority of Muslims, relying on religious and rational evidences, have a negative outlook toward HADITH falsification and attributing false words and deeds to the Infallible Imams, peace be upon them, however their HADITH sources show that they did not regard it seriously.The author of the present paper classifies the HADITH forgers into two groups, one group are those who forge HADITH with worldly purposes and the second group are those who do this with religious purposes and investigates their evidences.He also explains about some concepts concerning the phenomenon of FORGING HADITH such as: definition of forged HADITH; religious judgment on FORGING HADITH; evidences of those who are in favor of FORGING HADITH including good intention, guiding people, and administering justice.

Given the factuality of the undesirable phenomenon of HADITH FORGING in Islamic history and its damaging disadvantages for believers' thought and behavior that is a kind of sacrificing peoples' faith for the worldly and non-worldly benefits of some individuals or groups, each of the Islamic sects from the first tried to acquit themselves from that and charge others for it. Unfortunately in this field, the Shi'a had been more accused of HADITH FORGING by some Islamic sects. In this paper, by referring to authentic sources and examining the existent evidences, it is tried to demonstrate that: are there some starters for HADITH FORGING? And if there are, who are they?The result is that one cannot easily find specific starters for HADITH FORGING in Islamic history, although one can distinguish some groups that add fuel it and certainly, despite of some Sunni scholars, the Shi'a are not from amongst.

According to historical documents and consensus of Islamic scholars, forged HADITH is an old phenomenon of Islamic HADITH heritage which dates back to the early Islam.This phenomenon can be viewed from different perspectives such as: time of FORGING HADITH, initiators of FORGING HADITH, causes of FORGING HADITH, forgers of HADITH, and so forth, but the author of this paper views only one of these aspects viz. methods of FORGING HADITH The author in this article tries to show the method used by the forgers and how they made up HADITHs.Sources used by the forgers of HADITH and the contents of forged HADITH are other issues discussed in this article.

HADITH in Islamic Tradition is recognized as an important source for fiqh Uurisprudence), akhlaq (ethics), tafsir (exegesis) and even history. But among the Orientalists and Western HADITH scholars, it is viewed as the basic source to know the history of Islam especially the first centuries of Islam. To make the best use of this informational source they started studying its historical value, that is, which period these traditions are related and whom these narrations are historically scribed to. This issue has been view from another perspective by Muslim HADITH scholars namely HADITH text and document criticism and distinguishing unreliable and forged HADITHs from authentic and reliable ones. Here the efforts made by Muslim and Western HADITH scholars join together. The present paper is concerned with the busiest Netherlander HADITH scholars, Gautiar Juynboll and describes his research achievements. To him, the main part of this historical information is hidden in the chain of documents which can be found by a special analytical method which is of his own innovation. The result obtained by this analytical method is the evaluation of historical reliability of documents and also approximate dating of Islamic HADITH innovation and publication.Reviewing a set of narration as an example, the author of the present paper gives an introduction to the technical terms utilized by Juynboll and implements his analytical method concerning mentioned example to get theoretically familiar with this kind of research and find its result practically.

Since the onset of the Enlightenment in the early 18th century, and the subsequent establishment of museums, galleries, and private collections, the acquisition of cultural artifacts to populate these institutions became imperative. However, this period also witnessed the emergence of counterfeit works, crafted in collaboration with specialists across various disciplines. A crucial inquiry arises regarding the identification of the methods and techniques employed by forgers, the recent surge in counterfeit production, and the detrimental impact of such works on archaeological studies and museum activities. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive examination of counterfeit works, tracing their origins in Iran, elucidating the typology of counterfeit objects, detailing the methods of forgery, and analyzing their dissemination to target audiences. Through a combination of library research and field studies, this investigation reveals that counterfeit works exploit historical and cultural significance, often leveraging contemporary scientific knowledge. The lack of precise discernment by target groups regarding these counterfeit works has facilitated their creation and distribution across three primary levels: 1) individuals seeking to amass wealth, 2) domestic enthusiasts of historical and cultural artifacts, and 3) galleries and foreign museums

In the present investigation, an artificial neural network (ANN) model is developed to predict the isothermal hot FORGING behavior of AlCuMgPb aluminum alloy. The inputs of the ANN are deformation temperature, frictional factor, ram velocity and displacement whereas the FORGING force, barreling parameter and final shape are considered as the output variable. The developed feed-forward back-propagation ANN model is trained with Leven berg– Marquardt learning algorithm. Since the finite element (FE) simulation of the process is a time-consuming procedure, the ANN has been designed and the outputs of the FE simulation of the hot FORGING are used for training the network and then, the network is employed for prediction of the behavior of the output parameters during the isothermal FORGING process. Experimental data is compared with the FE predictions to verify the model accuracy. The performance of the ANN model is evaluated using a wide variety of standard statistical indices. Results show that the ANN model can efficiently and accurately predict isothermal hot FORGING behavior of AlCuMgPb alloy. Finally the extrapolation ability and noise sensitivity of the ANN model are also investigated. It is found that the extrapolation ability is very high in the proximity of the training domain, and the noise tolerance ability very robust.

From the early days of Islam, after Qur'an, the Sunnah was known as the second pure source of religious knowledge expansion and explanation; but this process was undergone some damage that aroused sensitivity of the Islamic grandee, scholars and clement. One of these damages was the phenomenon of HADITH ordaining and FORGING. Considering that, deal with this process was done by many Islamic grandee from the early days of this unblessed phenomenon appearance in the circle of traditions; the present study has attempted to show lodgment of Imam Reza toward this issue while studying and analyzing substrates of FORGING HADITH at the time of Imam Reza. The result suggests that: the appearance of various currents and releasing thoughts, overstate ideas, opposition to Imams and excessive power seeking of Bani Abbas, were the most important factors in FORGING HADITH at the time of Imam Reza. In contrast, Imam was performed important actions to prevent the founding fathers of this process to achieve their goals, Including: the explanation of the valid and acceptable HADITH’s criteria, recommendation to companions for obtaining and narration the HADITH from authentic sources, the supply of narrations on Imam and HADITH refining and in some cases, deal with causer of HADITHs.